RESUMO
BACKGROUND: To investigate the accuracy of ten different predictive equations to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) in a sample of Brazilian older adults and develop a predictive equation for estimating REE based on body composition data. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with thirty-eight Brazilian older adults aged 60-84 years, who had their REE measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) and BC assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). REE was compared to the estimation of ten predictive equations, and the differences between BC and anthropometric-based equations were investigated using Bland-Altman plots and Lin's concordance correlation. Accuracy was evaluated considering ±10% of the ratio between estimated and measured REE. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 57.9% men, with a mean age of 68.1 (5.8) years, and a mean REE by IC of 1528 (451) kcal. The highest accuracy was 47.4% obtained by Luhrmann and Fredrix equations, and the lowest accuracy was 13.2% reached by Weigle equation. In general, the proportion of underestimation was higher than overestimation. All anthropometric-based equations presented a good agreement with REE from IC. For those equations derived from BC, however, three of them reached only a moderate agreement. In terms of accuracy, all equations presented lower than 50% of accurate prediction of REE. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of older adults, previous predictive equations to estimate REE did not show good accuracy, and those based on BC presented even worse results, showing that changes in BC related to aging could impact the accuracy of these equations.
Assuntos
Metabolismo Basal , Metabolismo Energético , Masculino , Humanos , Idoso , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Composição CorporalRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Brazil has the second highest per capita consumption of sugar in the world and added sugar (AS) contributes to 12.6% of the total energy intake. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the main food sources of AS intake in Brazilian population, according to sex, age, nutritional status, and Brazilian macro-regions. METHODS: 2,000 individuals aged 15-65 years were included in the Brazilian Nutrition and Health Study (EBANS). EBANS is part of the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS), a multicenter cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of urban populations from eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela). Food and beverage intake, measured by 24-h dietary recall, were classified into 216 groups. The contribution of each group to AS incorporated sample weights and adjusted for clusters and strata of complex sample design. RESULTS: The top 10 food groups with the highest levels of AS were: soft drinks (36.0%); powdered juice mix (with sugar) (9.6%); milk (with sugar) (8.4%); coffee (with sugar) (7.2%); plain sugar (7.3%); natural juice (with sugar) (4.8%); chocolate candy (2.4%); milk, plain or not (without added sugar) (2.3%); cookies (2.2%); and whole grain cracker (1.9%). Independent of sex, age, nutritional status, or Brazilian macro-regions, the main contributor to AS consumption was soft drinks. CONCLUSION: The results highlight the need for interventions focused on all Brazilian groups evaluated and the development of public health policies to reduce AS content, especially the major sources of AS (beverages processed and homemade)
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Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , 50328 , Açúcares , Consumo de Energia , Comportamento Alimentar , Estudos Transversais , BrasilRESUMO
Introduction: The average daily intake of sodium in Brazil is 4.11 g/d, which is higher than that in most countries worldwide. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the main food sources of sodium in a representative sample of Brazilian population, considering sex, age group, and Brazilian macro-regions. Methods: 2,000 individuals aged 15-65 years were included in the Brazilian Nutrition and Health Study (EBANS). EBANS is part of the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS), a multicenter cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of urban populations from eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela). Results: The top 10 dietary food sources of sodium were beef and main dishes without processed meat (21.55%), white bread, approximately 50g (known as French bread in Brazil) (12.38%), rice (11.23%), processed meat products (8.38%), pasta (with or without sauce) (4.74%), beans (3.41%), salt (3.39%), butter or margarine (2.63%), crackers (white or whole) (2.59%), and milk (2.26%), accounting for 72.57% of the total contribution. Independent of sex, age group, or Brazilian macro-regions, the main contributors to sodium intake were beef and main dishes without processed meat, followed by French bread. Discussion: It is important to emphasize that the main described foods among Brazilians, are part of cultural and regional aspects that influence choices and food consumption and greatest contributors to sodium intake. Conclusions: These results highlight the need for implementation of public health policies to control the use of sodium in food industry and to aware the community about the addition of salt in food preparation and their food choices
Introducción: La ingesta diaria promedio de sodio en Brasil es 4.11 g / d, siendo mayor que en la mayoría de los países. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los principales alimentos fuente de sodio en una muestra representativa de la población brasileña considerando sexo, grupo de edad y macrorregiones brasileñas. Métodos: se incluyeron 2.000 individuos de 15 a 65 años. en el Estudio Brasileño de Nutrición y Salud (EBANS). EBANS forma parte del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS), un estudio transversal multicéntrico de una muestra nacional representativa de poblaciones urbanas de ocho países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela). Resultados: Las 10 principales fuentes alimenticias de sodio fueron: Carne de vacuno y platos principales sin carne procesada (21.55%). Pan blanco, aproximadamente 50g (12,38%), arroz (11,23%), productos cárnicos procesados (8.38%), pasta (con o sin salsa) (4.74%), frijoles (3.41%), sal (3.39%), mantequilla o margarina (2.63%), galletas saladas. (2.59%), y leche (2.26%), que representan el 72.57% del aporte total. Independientemente del sexo, edad grupo, o macro-regiones brasileñas, los principales contribuyentes a la ingesta de sodio fueron carne de res y platos principales sin procesar. seguido del pan francés. Discusión: Es importante enfatizar que los principales alimentos brasileños descritos como fuente de sodio son parte de las actividades culturales y regionales, aspecto que influye en las elecciones y el consumo de alimentos. Conclusiones: Estos resultados resaltan la necesidad de implementación. de políticas de salud pública para controlar el uso de sodio en la industria alimentaria y para dar a conocer a la comunidad sobre la adición de sal en la preparación de alimentos y la contenida en alimentos preparados
